Energy transition analog 🇬🇧

In order to achieve 100% Variable Renewable Energy in Total Primary Energy Demand and thus 100% CO₂neutrality, 160 kWh (first car and buffer car as well as Battery Electric Storage System integrated) NiMnCo and 300 to 700 kWh Thermal Energy Storage quickly come together. If you reduce the investments in the field of electric mobility and refer to a German household and per capita, there is an investment need of 70% photovoltaic (system) of 30 kW_pin the amount of 6,000 € and in the heat pump (system) range of 1,000 €. From this point of view, the digitization of the energy transition could play a positive scooter between 2020 and 2025, if the StBo had been available. After that, it will complicate the coupling of the sectors, especially privately, because without the memory of the vehicles, the producer-consumer is worse. According to August 2021 prices, only 7% of the expenditure to be paid up to 2035-2040 is on heat pump (plant) and photovoltaic (system), so the focus is clearly on who can control or control Battery Electric Vehicle, and when. The battery top case 3.3 kWh 13 kg 8s and mini grid mode can play a very important role in linking the Economic Islands to the energy transition. ↩

Efficiency, whereby this also is referred to as the coefficient of performance with an efficiency of more than 1. ↩

Self-empowerment and identity-related, i.e. on craftsmanship, empowerment, community seeking, uniqueness. See also empowerment or wiki ar, wiki br, wiki ca, wiki cs, wiki da, wiki et, wiki el, wiki es, wiki eo, wiki eu, wiki fa, wiki fr, wiki gl, wiki ko, wiki hy, wiki id, wiki is, wiki it, wiki he, wiki lo, wiki hu, wiki ml, wiki ms, nl, wiki ja, wiki no,, wiki pl, wiki pt, wiki ro,, ru wiki, wiki si, wiki ck,, wiki sr, wiki sv, wiki ta,, wiki th, wiki tr, wiki uk, wiki ur, wiki vi, wiki zh ↩.

from wikipedia: Empowerment (the word stems from English people's empowerment "authorization, transfer of responsibility") refers to strategies and measures that should increase the degree of autonomy and self-determination in the lives of people or communities and enable them to (again) represent their interests on their own, independently and self-determined. Empowerment refers to both the process of self-empowerment and the professional support of people to overcome their sense of powerlessness and to perceive and use their scope for design and resources. Prerequisites for empowerment within an organization are a culture of trust and the willingness to delegate responsibility at all hierarchical levels, appropriate qualification and appropriate communication systems. For language use empowerment see also: wiki ar, wiki ca, wiki cs, wiki en, wiki eo, wiki es, wiki et, wiki eu, wiki fa, wiki fi, wiki fr, wiki gl, wiki hi, wiki it, wiki yes, wiki ko, wiki nl, wiki pl, wiki pt, wiki sl, wiki sv, wiki th, wiki uk, wiki zh. In this context, the so-called sun tax introduced by Sigmar Gabriel, an implicit, indirect tax (similar to a sales tax), but in the amount of 180% (! this alone is a madness in history), namely on self-produced and self-consumed CO₂-free electricity, an energy source that already had the highest implicit tax burden and regulatory density at that time, and now that a string inverter with a photovoltaic module was installed on the house (it is thanks to Google maps and bing maps, the modern remote monitoring of the ’normal people’ started) — both technical devices that were previously massively promoted - have now been severely punished at once. In particular, the arbitrary limit of 10 kWp has only driven the customers into armies to the undemocratic forces, because nominal DC voltage, low voltage and technical connection conditions (TAB in German) as well as the (expected) increase in the power of a module from once 255 to 260 Wp allowed three-phase system connections (technical connection conditions require uniform connections > 3.6 kW or 4.6 kVar as multiphase systems) while maintaining nominal DC voltage (>

) (i.e. at least 13 x 260 Wp photovoltaic module in a string, summary: this no longer means at least 13 because of nominal voltage and a maximum of 22 because of ELV), so that in fact: 1. 80% of the other potential solar house roofs were driven into illegality as only possible three-phase systems (>6 kW_pin the house area or roof area > 30 m2) (

, only 255 W_pmodules were no longer available shortly after the introduction due to technical progress of 7% p.a. after a short time, which led to a relabeling on the construction site from 260 to 255 Wp) 2.by this law, only (remaining crumbs) systems with 13 and 22 modules were de facto easy to implement for the three crafts relevant to the 'big four', and now that even these (small) systems became cheaper, but the EEG remuneration was reduced linearly without fixed costs of the new connection, but the connection costs were also increased and more and it is not for a roofer worthwhile to equip the house or secure the entire roof so as not to cover the entire roof, these 3rdPV (micro) plants uneconomical, unless the corresponding craftsmen of the three crafts relevant to the 'Big Four' were personally known. With regard to empowerment and economic islands of the energy transition, only I remained.Analog scooter II.PV for micro inverters - by no means a sad balance since 2012, because the rich Suburbs - only here can you still afford the uncertainty for PV (micro) systems - produces almost only China apparatus. The country and the city do not stand in the way of a serious offer. The Free State of Bavaria is an exception to the rule here. ↩

In German Program Schnittstelle, within the digitization of the energy transition, this can lead to uncertainty and constant updates with the purely digital connection of the Four-Play of the Energiewende products, which may not be compatible with each other. The network code (NCs for RfG) for analog connections of the Four-Play of the energy transition has been (almost) unchanged for over 120 years and corresponds to the eu–631–2016 and is virtually valid until 800VA for microinverters worldwide, see also wiki programming interface, wiki ar, wiki as, wiki az, wiki ba, wiki bg, wiki bn, wiki bs, wiki ca, wiki ck, wiki cs, wiki da, wiki el, wiki en, wiki eo, wiki es, wiki et, wiki eu, wiki fa, wiki fi, wiki fr, wiki fr, wiki ga, wiki gl, wiki he, wiki hi, wiki hr, wiki h, wiki hu, wiki id, wiki it, wiki ja, wiki ka, wiki lt, wiki lv, wiki ml, wiki ml, wiki wiki mn, wiki ms, wiki nl, wiki nn, wiki no, wiki pl, wiki pm, wiki pt, wiki ro, wiki ru, wiki sh, wiki si, wiki sk, wiki sl, wiki sq, wiki sr, wiki sv, wiki ta, wiki th, wiki tl, wiki tr, wiki uk, wiki vi, wiki wu, wiki zh. ↩

In contrast to the Economic Islands of the Energy Transition, the four individual measures are only profitable if they are planned and installed together. Despite the financial and temporal resource restrictions, however, there are other things to consider. So far, the layers of new users have disintegrated into two market segments, either 2 BEV or MPV plus WP — bringing both together is very difficult on the basis of the current legal situation. ↩

A modern measuring system is a digital counter without a communication unit. To operate the counter, only a commercially available flashlight is necessary, with which the light sensor on the front of the device is illuminated. A quick guide for these counters can be found here. For remote reading, we recommend Raspberrymatic in conjunction with (a second RPIIIb) Volkszähler. ↩

An intelligent measuring system consists of a modern measuring system (counter) and a communication unit (Smart Meter Gateway). Together they form the intelligent measuring system. See also wiki ar, wiki ca, wiki en, wiki es, wiki fa, wiki fi, wiki fr, wiki it, wiki yes, wiki lt, wiki ml, wiki nl, wiki no, wiki pl, wiki ru, wiki sl, wiki uk, wiki zh. ↩

a Smart Meter Gateway is a control device that is certified by the Federal Office for Information Security in addition to the VDE Forum Netztechnik/Netzbetrieb in the VDE. In the future, it should give producer consumers the opportunity to control their plants and their salaries. The control box is, so to speak, the digital counterpart to the control device. There is no commercial offer on the websites of the large energy supply companies (as of Aug 2021). ↩

Automotive-capable means, among other things, very high quality at the lowest prices b. third-level support for maintenance and repair c. high initial effort and high degree of automation d. Conurbations of settlement structure patterns can only be overcome with >200 Wh/kg with the Battery Electric Vehicle and the nano-phosphate batteries from the Battery Electric Storage System integrated area are not included here. For 4-wheel manufacturers, there is a high risk of setting up a production line below 80,000 units per year. For 2-wheel manufacturers, the drive train is the needle eye. Companies with 5 to 12 employees have a good chance of survival.

Innovation versus productivity

Since two-wheel drivers are not as risk-averse as motorists and public transport users, it is the market segment for innovation, especially with electrification, since its assemblies are scalable at will. In addition, the requirements in the two-wheel area are even higher than in the car area, as the payload can lead to a discharge of the lithium battery within 12 minutes during an ascent. This corresponds to the military and it is difficult to establish a permanent niche between the leisure and military industries, unless politicians accompany this development positively.

If you can build electric road motorcycles, you can also build battery electric vehicle cars, if you can build cars, you can also build commercial vehicles or buses. Garbage collection trucks were also the first commercial commercial vehicles in successful small series, see Glossary Battery Electric Vehicle (History).

In contrast, no successful mass market for battery electric vehicle two-wheelers has been developed to date, especially because, for example, an Audi A2 cuts the driving resistance curve of a Peugeot Scoot'Elec at 67 km/h. This means that a scooter needs more power from 68 km/h than an Audi A2 (1.2er!).

Yamaha and KTM will go the way between cross and trial. Only Zero and Energica continue to try their hand at high-price segment.

Peugeot or Honda alone will have to achieve electrically in the long term in the mass segment 50 to 125 cm^3^. While Honda focuses on global productivity, Peugeot can only stand out through innovation. According to associations, there are more two-wheelers in Europe than cars, see also our European statistics on cars and motorcycles. ↩

Energy transition capable is a product if (1) the energy amortization 2. the economic amortization 3. the socio-technical medium-term implementation capability with regard to a (admittedly path-dependent) C0~2~ is given. For glass-glass photovoltaic module, this is 73 years and 10 out of 10 points, for cables 120 years and 10 out of 10 points, for batteries this is at best 7 to 12 years and very few points compared to conventional vehicle technologies, as charging times are increasing, the dangers are increasing, the amortization can only be produced economically artificially. The more the energy transition becomes a social task, the more important it is to save the Economic Islands of the Energy Transition (see Stepstone by Greta Thunberg).↩

StandBy refers here to the rest consumption of the battery inverters, here with StandBy1 "Continuous on" and StandBy2 "Search Mode" (i.e. the battery inverter searches for ohmic load, if he does not find one, he lays down to sleep for 2 seconds). Typical values 1. 10 W (!) 2. 1.8 W 3. 1.8 W. with fully short-circuit-proof battery inverters capable by hardware-by-design. These are usually European products that are also manufactured in Europe. (In some cases, only 300 euros could be "saved" for products from China, the StandBy1 at 43 watts, which has led to a total damage to the 8,000 € lithium battery.) We do not consider a "modified sine wave" or a search mode that does not switch off correctly below the lower threshold value (please clarify Victron AES Mode ON Search Mode on, this does not seem to be equally sensitively adjustable as with comparable products of the Studer-Innotec brand). The author himself has lived for over 6 months in a motorhome self-sufficiently with photovoltaic module, hot water, electricity and workshop and in particular the function that when the refrigerator turns on at night (>50W) the mobile devices are also charged (sum of 2 smartphones, 1 x flashlight, 1 Nokia<30W) could save 500 Wh per day. You don't want to miss this function correctly. A device that generates an alternating voltage with 230 Vac/50 Hz sine wave from > 24 Vdc and < 120 Vdc without the use of RF technology. All battery inverters mentioned here are hybrid inverters that can feed 80% of the nominal power into the distribution system operator (technically and legally).Battery inverters are themselves (island inverters) and externally guided inverters (grid parallel operation) in pure sine wave form at the same time. Unfortunately, an entry on the German page is still missing on Wikipedia. But the thing is actually simple: Without RF technology, there are only three relevant models by performance: 1.Peak Power 3.625 W Constant Power 1,600 W 10 kg 375 x 214 x 110 mm Victron Phoenix C1600/24 Victron Phoenix C1600/24 2.Peak Power 10,875 W Constant Power 3.625 21.2 kg 466 x 322 x 133 Studer XTM 3500–24 Studer Innotec XTM 3500–24 and 3.Peak Power 28.875 W Constant Power 11,000 W 46 kg 500 x 300 x 230 XTH 8000–48. ↩

For us, the electric car can only be understood from history against the background of the nuclear and car powers France and Japan as well as the central powers Germany and Korea as well as the resource powers USA and China. in German electric car with 100% supply of rechargeable batteries.

Following the logic of the car industry and our main objective conflict presented at the beginning, we distinguish between first car and buffer car.

We assume that second things tend to be used for Vehicle to Home, but it is not as innovation-friendly as the market segment of the first.

Traditionally, 🇫🇷 and 🇯🇵 were positive about the electric car between 1993 and 2008. The Citroën AX électrique and the Peugeot Scoot'Elec set the worldwide standard from 1990 to 1993: 40 minutes charging time, durability > 20 years — even the batteries did last more than 20 years (in my personal rental with fast charging).

From 2008, the Federal Government of 🇩🇪 entered industrial policy with the stimulus package I and II, especially because it needs to make electricity consumers more flexible in the event of further expansion of variable renewable energy.

Elon Musk, Rimac and Norman Heeg (with Gilles Grosjean, Manuel Aguilar, Mathias Schulze) built, among other things, pure electric cars that drove over 500 km. The practicality and return of the PufAuto were in the foreground. The first two focused on the ErsAut (purchase of the car for particular image reasons), while in the long term I focused on the first car capability of the PufAut, that is, the car had an internal loader with 72 kW/h, it was an absolutely silent motorhome with 4 seats and could be built for less than 30,000 euros in 2008 to 2011. PSA, PSA Banque and the centre d'essai de Belchamp, GKN, Bridgestone, Würth, Conrad, Marechal, EDF were also turned to the idea and helped with the project at reasonable discretion. My electric car drove 86,000 km in 6 months and in the field trial with a selection of 23 electric cars resulted in by far the highest use of my car - even so much that the rebound effect of the (too) cheap (variable costs low) electric mobility at the CSU had led to the realization that a car toll had to be introduced.

Later came the production cars from Nissan Leaf, Renault Zoe, VW e up! as well as the models of Tesla and the as always strong Japanese. In the mid-1920s, the Koreans also appeared with good replicas, who also boldly came up with niches such as an electric car with 5 kW-230Vac socket ex works. Renault is the brand that handles the topic of V2H most aggressively. Volkswagen and Toyota are the brands that set the standard in terms of productivity and durability in the field of electric cars, whereby Toyota and SONY had often toyed with the pure electric car, but had to backtrack because of the problems in the USA.

The ISAD (Integrated Starter and Starter Dynamo) from Pascalstraße in Berlin wanted to set the electrical system from 12 V to 36 V in the 90s and replace the flywheel on the clutch bell with a starter with hybrid capabilities. In one fell swoop, all cars in the world would have become 1.7 to 2.4 liters of cars, since with 900 A and 30 V 27 kW would have been available and purely electric operation up to <70 km/h would have become the regularity.

The author builds such 8s - 10s systems for the purpose of democratization and joining the networks and automotive industry of the future in a small private sector - here in scooters with top case as range extenders, which can also be used for all other BEV. ↩

According to the Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft e.V., the hot water demand in Germany in 2018 is 24 liters per day.

How the hot water demand can be produced is in the glossary heat pump (plant). ↩

The control box is the digital counterpart to the control device. In addition to the VDE certification, it must also be certified by the Federal Office for Information Security. So far, there is no offer on the part of the members in the Forum Netztechnik/Netzbetrieb in the VDE (as of August 2021). ↩

Most calculations for the EWeA are aimed at this capacity size. There are five ways to integrate it:

a The storage is part of a storage cloud
b The memory is the main use for a BEV
c The memory can be used cross-use for any number of BEV
d The memory is KSF-HARD
e The memory has a PV DC bus

Another benefit could be self-diagnosis and DC metering, that is, billing. Thus, social cloud tariffs and pawnshop systems such as payment methods would be in the realm of the possible at the same time.

KSF-HARD Short-circuit-proof by hardware-by-design↩

in German:
see also wiki en
in French:
see also : wiki fr ↩

A device that generates alternating voltage at 230 Vac/50 Hz from < 120 Vdc without the use of RF technology. All battery inverters mentioned here are hybrid inverters that can feed 80% of the nominal power into the distribution system operator. ↩

View our Website and Blog-Entry↩

The exit work of the electrons from copper shows that no plasma (or electron avalanches) below 29.3V can arise. This allows you to connect mobile and stationary things together or you can stumble over "plugs" in a DC grid without anything being harmed primarily or secondarily. ↩

A short-circuit strength for (Cu) connection technology mobile can be given for several seconds if the nominal voltage of the system is at a quarter of the ELV limit. Since the cables are thick and the voltage is small and the power dissipation goes into the square to the current, which in turn is directly proportional to voltage, in contrast to (Cu) connection technology, the time until shutdown (Victron) or Current control (students) three tens higher powers. The author himself has already observed how thick cables vibrate for minutes. The vibration of 90 mm^2^ cables is impressive, you can see, hear and feel current — here not the expansion of the sheet metal packages in a transformer, but what is often done, plus and negative conductors are guided too close together. The cables are serially connected and disconnect, see also ETZ Zurich. ↩

The external conductors in the three-phase network are the phases outer conductors, L2 and L3. ↩

Bidirectional charging of electric vehicles refers to battery electric vehicle chargers, with which not only the battery of the Battery Electric Vehicle can be charged, but also energy can be removed from the car battery and switched back to the (house or distribution) network if necessary, see also bidirectionally on bable–smartcities.eu and Vehicle to X.↩

The European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity is a European association in which all transmission system operators are organized and whose establishment was required by the European Economic Community in 2006 in order to accelerate cross-border electricity trading from 2020 to 2025. ↩

in German state of charge, here the lithium battery, usually between 2.5 and 4.2 volts, whereby with good Japanese batteries the voltage position may usually be high without degradation and therefore the upper voltage window is also realized by the manufacturer. With worse cells, the high voltage levels are usually avoided. This can be seen in the fact that charging lock voltages are specified in the technical data sheet depending on the type of use, e.g. Power tool up to 4.3 volts, handheld handheld devices 4.2 volts, electric scooter 4.15 volts and solar energy storage with 4.10 volts. Unfortunately, this often does not correspond to the real energy density of the nominal data or the differences are not priced in. The fluctuations are 30% in the data sheets. Often 30% also indicate a series jump for more capacity. So the market structure is problematic: Market participants buy by price per Ah. The cheap "copiers" of technologies steal the innovations from the few good ones. Over 80% of the batteries do not keep what the data sheet promises. ↩

The inverters in this document are battery inverters, micro inverters and (multi-)string inverters. If you connect a MV Lithiumbattery instead of a PV to a (multi)string inverter to a DC input, you still have a (multi-)string inverter — this should only be explained here, because in practice these are often sold more expensively as "hybrid inverters". In practice, the properties for battery protection and the voltage situation often pose new challenges for end customers, partly batteries have also been damaged because the StandBy are so high that a deep discharge of the lithium battery cannot be ruled out. The concept Lithium Battery Battery Management System Low Voltage is technically not easy to implement for surge protection and undervoltage protection. The customer often buys individual parts, so to speak, and does not receive an overall guarantee. ↩

Indirect forms of conversion are a.string inverter, b.Micro inverters, c.Hybrid inverters and the d.Battery inverter, in particular to store the electrical energy or to feed it into the distribution system operator via an inverter. In particular, the technical connection conditions must be observed in the case of standby and nominal DC voltage of the device and, in the case of galvanic connection to the distribution system operator (VNB). In addition, with a. and c. the in alignment, angle, rod and surface shading, which does not-linearly reduce the yield. In our experience, the quality of the maximum power point tracking technologies is still not the same "industrially". Own DC optimizers or so-called smart modules wanted to fill this gap, but in the meantime they have become very expensive again due to quasi-monopoly position. The establishment of glass-glass technology in the solar trend and the bifacial technology results in a service life of 70 years. The production costs from the output solar module < 42 Vdc 10A are therefore 220 € per kW_pat 220 €/kWp / ( 1,000 kWh / kWp x 70 a) or 0.31 ¢/kWh. Since Grid Parity, the focus has therefore been on electricity storage and distribution. ↩

In German From vehicle to house is a concept in which Battery Electric Vehicle distributes its electricity to the distribution system operator. The required peak load is exceeded in the final expansion, the number of days that can only be "sailed" with Battery Electric Vehicle energy without PV/Wind has been calculated elsewhere. Vehicle to Home is a scientific and political standard, see more Quote It is also important to focus more on renewables in the heating and transport sector. This is done, among other things, through the direct use of renewable energies, but also through the — as far as possible direct - use of electricity from renewable energies (quote cf. S. 37, 1). However, the question of the possible de-solidarization of society has so far prevented politicians from also preparing the way for new (unknown) actors. ↩

in German battery separation unit, it is supplied with priority and in separate case solely by the photovoltaic module, monitors overcurrent, undervoltage, overvoltage, temperature and any drift in the lithium battery in the lithium battery. As an addition, it can measure Ah, so 1. the end customer can be assured of profitability 2. re-use-ability (see no sunk invest) 3. Assistance for sorting by type of use (stationary, mobile) can be given. ↩

The bistable direct high-current relay can be operated from 12 to 36 Vdc in the coil and at the same time permanently and reliably separate this (supply) voltage up to 190 A_dc at the same time. Unlike unstable relays, it does not require (creep) current, so it protects the expensive lithium battery from deep discharge. It is controlled by a Battery Disconnector, see also external link to Tyco Bi-stable automotive relay 30 kW. ↩

The photovoltaic module is made of ingots and has a test voltage of 2,500 Vdc, if it is disconnected, it must remain below <42 Vdc (the so-called extreme extra low voltage, otherwise it could burn in case of doubt). There are 60, 72 and 96 cell photovoltaic modules, with the 60 cell (60z) types clearly dominating. Niche applications in the high-priced boat and camping segment with 12 V photovoltaic module are increasingly changing the system voltage to 60z. The 60z result in 28 to 33 volts. This is also the system voltage of 8s lithium battery. Since lithium battery lasts particularly long when charged with very smooth DC coupling, the relevant areas (two-wheel technology, boat, camping, Battery Electric Storage System integrated) could lead to further democratization of this technology (empowerment). The electricity supply price from a modern photovoltaic module is a fraction of a ¢. The service life can be up to 70 years. ↩

The distribution system operator operates highly intertwined AC networks up to 30 kV. He acts regionally. In Germany, there are 820 distribution system operators with sometimes very strong regional reference. ↩

is the social and fastest possible conversion of society, while maintaining jobs and taking into account cost efficiency into a CO₂-neutral society by 2040/45. According to Wiktionary, the word "energy transition" has been received in English, Spanish and Czech language use, see also wiki cs, wiki de, wiki es, wiki id, wiki hu, wiki nl, wiki zh. ↩

In contrast to its use until 2013, this term is used for penetration of digital technology in all areas of life. Digitization is already older. During World War II, statistics were compiled on the basis of punched strips and the aircraft were directed. It should be quoted from Peter Mertens et al.: "The characteristic "too little cumulative research and development" applies in particular to digitization and Industry 4.0. Examples are the previous experiments on automatic assembly systems, robotics, work on integrated IT systems, expert systems and software agents, product lifecycle management, maintenance in industrial business administration and operations research. Against this background, a complete digitization of the energy transition seems more than questionable. Nevertheless, a new digital intermediate step has taken since the spread of smartphones. ↩

Frequency change in mini grid mode to communicate battery levels and prices, see also external Youtube link or external Youtube link .↩

a distinction is made between competitive measuring point operator and basic measuring point operator, the former is intended to make competition for the flexibility of the electricity grid in cooperation with the producer-consumer, the second is used if there is no interest in this. The latter is usually the distribution system operator. ↩

Hybrid inverters are two things: 1. Multi-string inverter with the assignment of at least one input by means of a low voltage lithium battery with fake continuous dimensioning, since the input was originally designed for fluctuating loads 2.Battery inverter with real continuous power Constant Power according to nominal DC voltage and nominal continuous current DC voltage. ↩

An uninterruptible power supply (uninterruptible power supply) ensures the supply of critical electrical loads in the event of disturbances in the power grid, see also de wiki, wiki ar, wiki az, wiki bg, wiki bn, wiki bs, wiki ca, wiki cs, wiki da, wiki el, wiki en, wiki es, wiki et, wiki eu, wiki fa, wiki fi, wiki fr, wiki he, wiki hi, wiki hu, wiki id, wiki it, wiki ja, wiki ko, wiki mk, wiki mr, wiki ms, wiki my, wiki ne, wiki nl, wiki no, wiki pa, wiki pl, wiki pn, wiki pt, wiki ro, wiki ru, wiki si, wiki si, wiki sr, wiki sr, wiki ta, wiki th, wiki tr, wiki uk, wiki vi, wiki zh sowie wiki ww.

It should be pointed out that only battery inverters in the ELV can currently ensure fault ride through and uninterruptible power supply at the same time. At the same time, this device is always bidirectional, but legally intangible, because, so to speak, several plants in one device, see generation unit generation plant, detection document for power generation plants, black start capability, non-synchronous power generation system, detection document for power generation plants, synthetic inertia mass, frequency control, island operation, equipment certificate, temporary type approval, final type approval, EZZ. ↩

When connecting serially parallel to lithium batteries from lithium battery, only drift-free lithium cells, e.g. SONY nickel-manganese cobalt (US18650VTC5,US18650VTC7>240 Wh/kg) or SONY LCO (US18650V1, US18650GR) or SONY LMO (US18650VT1) or SONY Fortelion (Nano) can be used. We have operated three of these series over a period of more than 7 years in motor vehicles without a battery management system, without a noticeable drift of a few tenths of a millivolt between the blocks (and within the module string (!)) would have made noticeable. The operation of (((7p14s)x6s)x4p is demanding and did not result in any problems. So there is a simple battery management system for drift-free cells and complex battery management system for cells with drift.

Complex battery management systems have the possibility to exploit defects in the semiconductor sector in the EELV area and thus generate small DCDC currents in such a way that the cell with the highest voltage emits current to the cell with the lowest voltage. As of August 2021, MouserBatteryManagement System had 5704 Battery Management System μC. ↩

also in German variable renewable energies, here in this context predominantly wind and solar. In parts, seasonal small hydropower can also be added. Large hydropower plants usually have continuous operation through melting, although in 100 years the situation with the glaciers can also change massively. This discrimination is necessary because the proportion becomes large in the medium term but insignificant in the long term and it is becoming increasingly important to store the fluctuating energies into buffers or seasonally. The glacier as a reservoir for hydropower becomes particularly questionable in the long term, the concentration and severity of the rainfall changes the rivers and how they are organized may no longer determine the generation of electricity, but the measures to secure the residents. ↩

English: World population is expected to grow from 7.2 to 9.7 billion by 2050, while the average per capita primary energy demand decreases from around 17 MWh/person in 2015 to 12 MWh/person by 2035 and up to around 15 MWh/person by 2050.

German: The world population is expected to grow from 7.2 to 9.7 billion by 2050, while the average primary energy demand per capita will fall from about 17 MWh/person in 2015 to 12 MWh/person in 2035 and increase to about 15 MWh/person by 2050. (2) ↩

The first car has a capacity of 100 kWh, has an optimal travel speed of$1500 \text{V_dc}\times 400 \text{A} = 600 kW$Charging capacity of over 160 km/h. With an optimal consumption of $\frac{24 kWh}{100 km}$must be reloaded every 400 km 8 minutes on 80 state of charge ($1/6*60*0.8$), in order to be able to cover another 320 km at > 160 km/h. (The car manufacturers are still acdorned with making full use of the IGBT technology with > 1,200 V_dc. Transmission system operators provide few visions and, like the less technically equipped distribution system operators, do not offer 100-150-200-300-600 kW grid connection variants. The premium customer has to drink too much coffee on the highway or finally find the right pressure in public as a shareholder.) ↩

The buffer car has a capacity of 60 kWh, has an optimal travel speed of less than 120 kmh/h and should be as cheap as possible to purchase, as high as possible in the number of cycles to retention capacity 70% (minimum requirement currently about 2,200 cycles) and as flexible as possible in connection (Vehicle to X), so to speak, the automotive square of the circle. There is a control gap in the range of, for example, 24s nickel-manganese cobalt and (3x60z) PV, but no 96V battery inverters are offered for this. The buffer car can become an economic success, especially through Vehicle to Home, provided that the task divisions have been clarified in advance. Another control gap is the interposition of an analog scooter. ↩

in English: Thermal energy storage in our documents is a. 800 liters of maximum 70 °C water tank or b. the building foundation (cellar) and walls, which — depending on the thickness of the walls - can store 300 to 700 kWh.
in German: The heat accumulator in our documents is, among other things, an 800 liter tank with a maximum of 70 °C warm water or b. the walls, ceilings and basement walls of a building, which - depending on the wall thickness - can store 300 to 700 kWh.
in French: The stock of chaleur in our documents is a reservoir of 800 liters with a maximum of 70°C of water chamber or b. the walls, ceilings and murs of the under-sol of a board that, according to the pastor of the murs, can stock 300 to 700 kWh.
See also: wiki ar, wiki ca, wiki da, wiki de, wiki es, wiki fa, wiki fr, wiki ga, wiki hr, wiki id, wiki it, wiki hu, wiki yes, wiki sl, wiki sh as well as wiki ww. ↩

There are scroll, swing and screw compressors. Unlike the others, the swing is particularly adapted to the variability of the variable Renewable Energy and can modulate its performance to a large extent.

This, for example, from 140 watts to 1700 watts primarily on the primary side (current ~) or 800 watts to 7,000 watts on the secondary side (heat ~). If the heat pump (plant) is to take over heat, cooling, and hot water in addition to the original tasks, new problems arise. The demand for hot water represents only 2.4% of the Total Primary Energy Demand calculated for 2050. These would be 24 liters per day or to heat it purely electrically to 55 °C:

24 [liters per kg] x 1 [kg per liter] x (55 °C - 20 °C) x 4180 J per [K times kG] = 3,511,200 [Joule]

or simply

1kWhTag$1_{Tag}^{kWh}$

This would correspond to 148${}_{48}^1$tel des Gesamtbedarfs und durch die Weibull–Kurven der Windenergie (oder die natürlich–gebotene Kappung der Variable Regenerative Energy) sollte die Warmwasser Zubereitung über einen kleinen Speicher mit einen für die analoge wie digitale Energiewende-fähig kompatiblen homematic Funk–Schaltaktor 1fach mit Leistungs– und Frequenzmessung, Zwischenstecker zu günstigen Zeiten geschaltet und isoliert bevorratet werden. Der Bedarf an Warmwasser stellt nur 2,4% des für das Jahr 2050 errechneten Total Primary Energy Demand dar. Dies wären 24 Liter pro Tag oder, um es rein elektrisch auf 55 °C zu heizen: 

24 [liters per kg] x 1 [kg per liter] x (55 °C - 20 °C) x 4180 J per [K times kG] = 3,511,200 [Joule]

or simply

$1 ^{kWh}_{Tag}$

This would correspond to$^1_{48}$tel des Gesamtbedarfs und durch die Weibull–Kurven der Windenergie (oder die natürlich–gebotene Kappung der Variable Regenerative Energy) sollte die Warmwasser Zubereitung über einen kleinen Speicher mit einen für die analoge wie digitale Energiewende-fähig kompatiblen ELV-SCHALTAKTOR homematic Funk–Schaltaktor 1fach mit Leistungs– und Frequenzmessung, Zwischenstecker zu günstigen Zeiten geschaltet und isoliert bevorratet werden.   ↩︎

In particular, the producers of solar energy in the bacon belt, who also receive two functions integrated via the Battery Electric Storage System: a. Increase in self-sufficiency b. Increase network stability. Since they are solvent, large companies focus on them. If all devices were permanently island-capable, there would be no security problem. In addition, there is the high proportion of Battery Electric Vehicle, which makes customers attractive to the large companies. The producer consumers decide, apparently without knowing it, on the future of two forks: Vehicle to Grid versus Vehicle to Home and independence versus complete dependence. An attentive reader should become aware of this situation. ↩

is a mobile lithium battery in DINA4 format with Fibonacci dimensions, i.e. it can fill as many room contents as possible efficiently. It can be freely selected in the circuit serially parallel from lithium batteries. Through the integrated battery management system and a DC coupling mobile, it can be connected directly to the photovoltaic module, i.e. 1. 29.36 Rated DC voltage: 8s nickel-manganese cobalt approx. 60z photovoltaic module and 2. 102.76 Nominal DC voltage (2x14sNickel-Manganese-Cobalt approx. (2x60z+12V switching power supply) or best 3. 86.40 Nominal DC voltage with 3x8s nickel-manganese cobalt approx. (3x60z) photovoltaic module. ↩

These are at least two battery inverters, which are connected via a copper network of (normally 240 m to) a maximum of 2 km and which together realize the safety and economic economies of scale, but in particular exchange the economic data about the frequency — and thus cyber-war - and fail-safe. In the general or also cellular approach or subsidiarity principle or self-responsibility or self-consumption or also price zone model, here quote BNetzA: "In the discussion about the use of flexibility, the demand for so-called cellular approaches is regularly made. Cellular approaches provide for a balance between local production and consumption at the lowest possible level. Such a cell could, for example, be a single household as the smallest unit, which provides its energy itself via a PV system and stores it via a battery storage on site. Everything that the cells alone do not produce or consume should be obtained from neighboring cells as surplus or additional requirements. Cells with a lot of commerce and industry as well as cells with dense buildings without sufficient production would be compensated by the import of energy from neighboring cells with their surpluses. The local accounting for generation and consumption adequately integrates renewable energy sources into the electricity supply system and greatly reduces the necessary transmission requirements. In addition, the direct reference of users and the necessary technology would create acceptance for the energy transition. ... It is essential that every kilowatt hour consumed must continue to be assigned to a balance group ... Security of supply cannot be guaranteed in large consumption centers or can only be guaranteed with considerable additional economic and ecological costs through small-scale structures" (cf. S. 47-48, 3).

In contrast, in the final energy transition expansion, the average residence time of an electron in the battery top case 3.3 kWh 13 kg 8s (local and temporal shift, energy transition final expansion) is 5.83 days before it is consumed. The grid equalization via Europe's electricity highways intended and calculated by the BmWi is therefore a completely different one in 2005 than in 2038 - that is, a much smaller one. In 2021, the cube for mini-grid mode (Vehicle to Home) or pure grid operation (Vehicle to Grid) has not yet fallen, if you want to follow Renault: "At Renault, we are not afraid to leave our role as an automobile manufacturer, as the challenges of the electric car affect many areas such as mobility, energy, data, municipalities, housing, etc. The key to innovation lies in co-construction, in joint creation. We encourage various actors who do not normally do this to cooperate." from Vehicle2Grid Renault and wiki de, see "Hybrid/Minigrid" and wiki en Mini-Grid (only partially identical to our definition, unfortunately in the motherland of photovoltaics (!) no translation, but only in English). ↩

These are investments that pay off in less than 2 years and would actually have been carried out in a commercial mode of implementation. However, because of their relevance to the breadth, these IDEWs are also the relevant islands today, which should be available to families today without great (over-)regulation, with manageable acquisition costs and without high risk, in order to gradually and automatically organize a CO₂-free life. Why the areas mentioned are not offered adequately, exactly this must be politically examined. ↩

The string inverter is a device for converting DC voltage from solar modules into alternating voltage for feeding into the mains, see also wiki ar, wiki ca, wiki en, wiki es, wiki fr, wiki nl, wiki ru, wiki uk, wiki vi, wiki zh and wiki www.↩

Rated voltage of an electrical system. Typically, this is defined serially parallel by the connection of lithium batteries of lithium batteries.Lithium battery is typically specified lower than given in real terms, especially to fall below certain regulatory windows in the transport regulations.

to German low voltage > 120 Vdc and < 1,500 Vdc and > 50 Vac and smaller < 1,500 Vac, see also wiki ar, wiki de, wiki en, wiki es, wiki et, wiki fa, wiki fr, wiki it, wiki mn, wiki nl, wiki nn, wiki no, wiki pl, wiki pt, wiki sl, wiki sv and wiki zh. ↩

from wiki: The technical connection conditions (technical connection conditions) are (821) general terms and conditions of the (821) distribution system operators, which contain specifications for the electrical systems of the end customers. The Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft (Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft e.V.) publishes a model wording of the technical connection conditions, which the distribution system operators can use as a basis for their own technical connection conditions. In practice, they are further developed and so complicated that one would think that Roman property law would be ad adsurbum. The French, as part of the Germans and the novels, colloquially had a Dadaist sentence: Il y a tellement de lois qu‚ il n'y a plus de lois. On and in the Berlin Bundestag, the word "electricity monster" for the 'Energy Transition' circulated around the mandate holders. Further information under wiki ca, wiki en, wiki es, wiki fr, wiki nl, wiki vi, wiki zh, were significantly responsible for the mass use of PV 2006 to 2012. Devices with two DC inputs have been dominating since 2010. This is called multi-string. If you have a multi-string inverter and simply connect a low-voltage lithium battery to a PV input, you get a so-called hybrid inverter, which usually offers only an easy way to power without interruption. The string inverters do not offer a method for permanently disconnecting lithium batteries. Therefore, they are not part of our considerations here. However, the confusion of terms is immense. In particular, from 2012, Chinese string inverter manufacturers have managed to maintain or expand their sales by renaming them. It is overlooked that an island operation is only intended for less than 2 hours, since the three values of the StandBy are very high and usually the lithium battery undervoltage protection, This is clearly distinguished here from battery inverters, all of which are "real hybrid inverters" in this study, because arbitrary currents from photovoltaic module Lithium battery HSV part grid operators can be redirected. The fake hybrid inverters have a high standby and are popular with installers because they do not need to be parameterized. The real hybrid inverters = battery inverters sometimes have a very, very low StandBy, but must be parameterized and are therefore unpopular. ↩

the trades relevant for the family-friendly energy transition are roofers, electrical engineering and air conditioning technicians. ↩

these are here PV systems with more than 4 and less than 22 modules, i.e. currently systems with more than 1.5 kW_pand less than 8.25 kW_p. ↩

The analog scooter is an electric scooter that has at least 2 battery top cases 3.3 kWh 13 kg 8s, one internal and one as a top case. The voltage between full and empty battery top case 3.3 kWh 13 kg 8s is only 6 volts and so with 50 sqm connectors with at least 2m cable, the empty scooter can be charged by the second battery top case 3.3 kWh 13 kg 8s stationary coupled to the photovoltaic module. Due to the fact that the electric scooter has paid for itself at 4,500 to 10,000 km and the battery can permanently deliver 17 kW, the scooter is, so to speak, minimum equipment for all those who want heat pumps (system), photovoltaic (system) and battery electric vehicle or do not live in a democratically transparent state. Note: Proof of any "data fraud" is neither possible nor legally enforceable. Read carefully the provisions for participation in online banking.. Everyone else may buy 1. expensive and confusing combination "packages" 2. Characteristics of a large network operator (unknowingly) take over 3. all personal data generated by digitization in his house and by his mobility will be passed on to non-countable third parties 4. Countries with lower data protection regulations and a tendency to nepotism become negative examples of the digitization of the energy transition. In addition, the scooter has a DC bus for battery inverter and photovoltaic (system) with which you can display the usual household power and photovoltaic (system), here 9 kW duration. You can clamp more than 32 solar modules or than 12 kW_p directly to the DC bus. The DC bus is under the seat and so you can use a photovoltaic module that is not subject to registration. Especially for island networks between 4 and 32 solar modules, it is the means of choice. Above 40 to 60 A is a technology leap and instead of 50 euros, larger solar charge controllers cost several hundred euros and it is economically cheaper to buy many small solar charge controllers and install "cable tangles" compared to buying a “large one”. In addition, Vehicle to Home and Vehicle to Grid are available by default. Both galvanically isolated chargers have a mean time before failure of over 140,000 operating hours and are therefore fully energy transition-capable. ↩

These are in particular photovoltaic (system) with 1 to 4 photovoltaic modules, which were made available from Enecsys as the first manufacturer of microinverters, the AC cable system mini-rstfrom Wiegand from Bamberg and DGS Franken for the "necessary" standardization from 2010. They form the most important economic islands of the energy transition. The name came from the fact that so far only a few (well-known) farmers have managed to occupy these islands. Taken in this way, Hubert Aiwanger is the only pirate on the great Greta Lake who was able to reach the island with publicity. In Frankfurt 4 systems were counted, in Stuttgart the whole 3rd « Chapeau , Minister Mister! » (Where are our graduated economists when there is more than € 2,000 to be made with an investment of € 160?). Since the registration costs more money and nerves than a 3 kWh battery, the author has developed the battery top case 3.3 kWh 13 kg 8s for the analog scooter.

the Four-Play of the energy transition consists of heat pump, photovoltaic system, Battery Electric Storage System integrated and Battery Electric Vehicle. ↩

Network code on requirements for generators 2016/631. As soon as a uniform solution from the European Economic Community Treaties from 1963 seems to have been found, it seems to be nationally fragmented again. The way to find a uniform standard for security and social affairs seems easier via XPlasm 2W BeV and especially German German Grid Code Glossary Entry.↩

A micro inverter is a module-level inverter in this document, i.e. the power is between 30 and 70% of the module. Normally, micro inverters are clamped directly behind the PV. However, it is also possible to hang the micro inverter directly on a lithium battery and switch the AC output on and off. ↩

The control device is the customer's installation for circular control technology. ↩

Forum Netztechnik/Netzbetrieb in the VDE ↩

on the topic page Cyber-War and Energy and Security of Supply, it is recommended to get started here. ↩

short electricity provider, is a company that supplies its customers with electricity. The main characteristic then is to fulfill the obligation to manage as a balance group manager. An energy supply company can therefore also be a pure trader, it does not have to have a distribution system operator Transmission system operator and will (mostly) not have power plants. See also Wiki Energieversorgungsunternehmen. ↩

Lithium battery technology, which is characterized by a lower voltage position and a slower thermal runaway compared to the other lithium technologies. ↩

Arrangement of secondary, i.e. rechargeable, lithium cells. The serially parallel connection of lithium batteries and safety in strongly changing environmental conditions make the convection of batteries a Rocket Science. Further information under wiki af, wiki ar, wiki bg, wiki bn, wiki ca, wiki cs, wiki cy, wiki da, wiki el, wiki en, wiki eo, wiki es, wiki et, wiki eu, wiki fa, wiki fi, wiki fr, wiki he, wiki hi, wiki hr, wiki hu, wiki id, wiki is, wiki it, wiki ja, wiki kk, wiki ko, wiki ml, wiki ms, wiki nl, wiki no, wiki pl, wiki pt, wiki ro, wiki ru, wiki sat, wiki sco, wiki sh, wiki simple, wiki sl, wiki sr, wiki sv, wiki ta, wiki th, wiki tk, wiki tk, wiki uk, wiki vi, wiki zh and wiki zh.

Here used as a synonym for an extended battery electric vehicle- or Emergency power system-'system'-voltage — from 24V up to 28V — in the military sector, in particular where safety of 28V systems for aviation and for ground vehicles have to be met and requirements for dis-connection, re-connection or re-combination sheds a light on Empowerment. ↩

here especially for battery inverters in 8S nickel-manganese cobalt VERSC, 1, Peak Power 3.525 Watt (StandBy1 10 (!) W) 2.Peak power 10.875 W (StandBy2 1.8 W) 3.Peak Power 28.875 W (StandBy2 1.8 W)↩

in German continuous power, here in particular from battery inverter for Battery Electric Storage System integrated and Vehicle to Home. Often, end customers only pay attention to this measure. Crucial, however, are the capacity of the lithium battery to standby, short-circuit fixed by software or short-circuit fixed via hardware-by-design, mean time before failure of the galvanically isolated chargers (if AC coupling is desired). ↩

the Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft e.V. is a lobby and interest group of the German electricity and energy industry with a focus on the former transmission system operators. ↩

2x50 mm2 (2x395 A~780 A controller) or once 90 mm2 (lower current, no more arches < 25 cm more assembly), which consist of class 5 or class 6 conductors, i.e. very many very thin single strings, which guarantee that the cable can withstand continuous mechanical movements. ↩

225 mm2 segment conductor or 50 to 225 mm2 copper rods, which are not insensitive to mechanical vibrations. ↩

Vehicle to Home or Vehicle to Grid. The author suspects that in particular the years 2020 to 2025 will decide whether and to what extent Vehicle to Home will be implemented instead of Vehicle to Grid. According to the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity 2/3 of the lithium battery Behind The Meter, the purchasing power is still concentrated, which the producer consumer distributes. Even the terms for this are difficult, something WB, it is used synonymously for AC coupling and DC coupling, whereby Vehicle to Home should only be AC coupling. ↩

The transmission system operator TSO, Transmission System Operator) are infrastructure managers for supraregional electricity grids. It is your task to obtain and provide balancing energy. There are four transmission system operators in Germany. In particular, they try to create their control zones geographically from Norway (water) via France (nuclear) and the south (photovoltaics (plant)) so that they can exploit as much potential as possible to transport electricity. ↩

in English EEC European Economic Community

in German European Economic Community

in French: European Economic Communauté European↩

Surge protection is a device that protects the lithium battery as a whole and or individual cells from overvoltage without drift when used. At about 4.67 volts, the thermal runaway threatens, then it depends on the location of the lithium battery and the propagation, how much the damage is, see also the extent of damage. ↩

Undervoltage protection is a device that protects the lithium battery as a whole and or individual cells from undervoltage in the event of the use of non- drift-free cells, so that they can no longer be damaged by any creep currents. ↩

Maximum power point tracker, this is a technology for string PV inverters, which usually connect 14 to 22 PV modules in series to keep the currents for installation as low as possible. The shading is distinguished between rod, surface shading and leaf shading. In particular, rod shading means that the point cannot be followed. ↩

An enlightenment of the photovoltaic history as well as the absolutely worth reading article on the English Wikipedia page is highly recommended to the reader: en wiki in comparison to de wiki. The author is a chemist and believes that politicians were well informed when this state of 'price tipping point' will happen — namely external energy is more expensive than self-PV — and then would have timely introduced besides the Netz-EEG an additional PV-BESS-EEG — with base price and time dependant margins. The plan had a goal, the goal was achieved… and the planner is afraid of his goal. The economic costs of 'fear' and the lack of a clearly stated 'yes-to-storage' and 'yes-to-chemistry' had a massive pull-down effect to the decade from 2010 to 2020, it turned it into a nearly lost decade in 'Carbon Tackling' as well in a point of view of how to re-unifie liberalism/democracy/ecology and savoir-vivre. The Federal Ministers Rösler (2011–2013), Gabriel (2013–2017), Zypries (2017–2018) and Altmaier (2018–) have all struck this 'young fellow PV' through regulatory anger (for unimportant things) and discouragement (for about important economic incentives) regarding the energy transition, that the reader should point out that 'functioning guideline' if known better to the author, who, while writing about that time, having tons of laws read, headache… and still no glue about why Germany as a STEM/MINT dominated country started with socially 'Muddling-Through'. Sony, Toshiba, Saft were knocking on their doors. But the tenant did not hear that knocking. (Well, they knocked at my doors that time!). The entry costs for a innovation gap in the four-play of the energy transition have truly exploded for a company during this period, from 200,000 euros to over 20 million euros. The author himself recalls that from the end of the 1990s, he had the task of doubling the EUR 10 million promised by Dassault (for a 90 km/h Electric Scooter with 90 km range lasting 30 years) for the establishment of an simplified analog scooter­— with the "announcement" that society was so risky and regulated, so that not the investment, but the "legal" and "marketing-moderate" thirst of over the coming 15 years should be financed most consistently. You could also say that Germany trended to 'over-regulation' while France simplified intelligent measurement system, bidirectional, rotary control technology and microinverters. ↩

in German DC coupling, the coupling of two lithium batteries by fixed cables. ↩

Rated continuous current is the current that may be permanently — i.e. 24 hours a day — maximum. ↩

in German Driving through undervoltage resp. Driving through faults describes the minimum requirement of generation plant in low voltage networks to prevent a domino effect of many smaller other generation plants. In Europe, more than 150 ms are required for 35 Vdc and the maintenance of the instantaneous power. The condition is then facilitated within 2.5 seconds.string inverters can intercept this case on the software side, i.e. short-circuit-proof via software, certain battery inverters can drive through this case particularly well on the hardware side, because they are short-circuit-proof by hardware-by-design. ↩

The generation plant is a technical device for generating electricity. ↩

The generation unit consists of one or more generation plants. ↩

The more drift-free the cell and the fewer DC coupling mobile requirements are, the higher the serial connection is chosen. However, at least 3p or 4p is often used to mitigate any production fluctuations or also to keep the possibility of switching to a cheap provider open. ↩

Nickel manganese cobalt is the dominant lithium battery technology that defines longevity, energy and power density according to the current state of the art and is expected to dominate the next 10 years. With currently 240 Wh/kg and the fast charging capability of 15 - 22 minutes, you can very well get across agglomeration motorway mobility. The voltage window of the battery is in the upper voltage range between 3.65 and 4.20 volts.Lithium battery with specific energy density of currently 240 Wh/kg and very high power density, e.g. 8.8 kg and 30 kW short and 12 kW duration, they can buffer any household connection. They are cheap and safe and thus play the decisive role in "urban/de-digitization" and "country highway". ↩

in German the residual capacity according to the specifications of the technical data sheet of the manufacturer of the cells. ↩

In German From vehicle to grid is a concept in which Battery Electric Vehicle emits its electricity to the house. The required peak load is already exceeded in the first stage with an electric scooter, the autonomy is infinite if the PV is large and the storage tank is at least 10 kWh in size, because the heated room can be reduced as desired and the heating capacity day and night is 5 to 12 kW in the range of the centuries-old tiled stove. Further information at wiki ar, wiki az, wiki bg, wiki bn, wiki bs, wiki ca, wiki cs, wiki da, wiki el, wiki en, wiki es, wiki et, wiki eu, wiki fa, wiki fi, wiki fr, wiki he, wiki hi, wiki hu, wiki id, wiki it, wiki yes, wiki ko, wiki mr, wiki ms, wiki my, wiki ne, wiki nl, wiki no, wiki pa, wiki pl, wiki pnb, wiki pt, wiki ro, wiki ru, wiki simple, wiki sk, wiki sr, wiki sv, wiki ta, wiki th, wiki tr, wiki uk, wiki vi, wiki zh zh↩

Dimensioning of plug, cable, cross section of two (2x lithium battery or 1x lithium battery and 1x photovoltaic module) in such a way that neither cables nor plugs are overloaded nor sparks arise or a danger to third parties arise from the installation. For this, plugs (<36 Vdc) and humans (<120 Vdc) must be protected. ↩

It necessarily consists of linking the "4P" with the economic islands of the energy transition on the basis of common values such as freedom, subsidiarity, solidarity and mercy. ↩

Chargers with at least constant current constant voltage and an alternating voltage. The connection Vehicle to Grid or Vehicle to Home via the DC bus of an ACDC plug is eyewash, since the direct current from the PV must be converted previously via AC and from AC in turn to DC of the lithium battery. Galvanically separated chargers are therefore synonymous with AC galvanically isolated chargers. ↩

in German service life resulting from the application of the nominal data from the technical data sheet. If this is not specified or if the manufacturer with a national branch does not provide warranty or guarantees in simple and understandable language, the manufacturer should be contacted directly. Specifics must be observed for batteries. ↩

In addition to the internal identical battery with nickel-manganese cobalt lithium battery, a battery top case 3.3 kWh 13 kg 8s can be mounted. The range of the analog scooter increases from 70 km to 140 km, at the same time the range extender or mini grid mode does not need any further technical connection conditions, as it can be operated as an accessory in these countries, or even its operation cannot be prohibited. PVA/BEV/REX/grid operation cannot be automatically prevented in 66 countries around the world.

Here is the map of the participants:
Direct effect:

A balance group manager acts as an interface between end customers and the transmission system operators and is therefore responsible for the management of a balance group, i.e. a virtual energy quantity account. ↩

A short circuit is nothing more than a high current with it. The power dissipation in (Cu) connection technology goes stationary until the melting point is reached. With low voltage, this is significantly less than 4 ms with the usual connection technology, since the currents are typically above 20kA due to the high voltage. ↩

AC coupling, the coupling of two lithium batteries by two galvanically separated chargers, whereby the advantage of zero passage and the extinction of the plasma is obtained, but the dimensioning of the galvanically separated chargers for the buffer car is predetermined by the maximum duration of the daily rhythm (fully store winter sunny harvest) causes problems, especially with the case of only AC coupling by derivation approx.

Behind the meter means that the investment in four-play of the energy transition will take place significantly even according to the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity, two-thirds "behind the smart meter", mainly from lithium battery and photovoltaic (system) as well as vehicle to home. ↩

in German, for example, migration movement (from the English drift), here the voltage loss of a stored lithium battery. ↩

thermal outlier or (better) passage here is the (wanted) opening of a lithium cell to protect against explosion of the same, e.g. by valve, demolition cover, PTC element. Not to be confused with propagation. ↩

in German propagation, here the consumption of individual thermal runaways induced by a thermal runaway in such a way that the lithium battery overall comes far above the individual temperatures of about 170 to 250 °C, which can then lead to a complete burn from > 300°C in particular. Lt. Risk definition applies: Risk = probability of damage occurrence x extent of damage. Through drift-free, serially parallel connection of lithium batteries and modulation (seeBattery top case 3.3 kWh 13 kg 8s) the extent of damage can be greatly reduced in particular. The (undocumented) smoke developments then usually determine the extent of damage. That's why we consistently rely on Battery Electric Vehicle, because they are not in the house and have to meet higher requirements. ↩

The extent of the damage is the amount of the damage realized, here with lithium battery i.e. smoke, heat/heat, water damage. The location of the lithium battery and the BraLas within a radius of 1m are decisively responsible for whether the damage amounts to 1,000 or 100,000 €. In the past, it has been shown that unregulated markets such as e-bikes pose a great danger more often than the customer may believe. Here, the attentive reader should not be denied how the stones on the fire bicycle prevented propagationhttps://www.feuerwehrmagazin.de/app/uploads/2020/08/Bicycle-Brand-Vollbrand.jpg↩

Creeping currents in this document mean currents between 60 (high) and 5 (medium) and 1 (low) milli amps. The more modern the Battery Electric Vehicle and the more unnecessary functions are in fake hybrid inverters, the higher the risk of total damage in the lithium battery. Modern battery management systems consume from 1μA to 1mA. ↩

Circular control technology is a one-way remote control from the power grid to the end customer, in which low-frequency pulses are sent. This technique is common, for example, for switching from HT to NT tariffs. ↩

Constant current — constant voltage is a charging profile simple for lithium batteries. The second phase is often limited to 2.5 hours due to the infinitely decreasing current. ↩

The Range Extender is a battery top case 3.3 kWh 13 kg 8s, which has a drift-free lithium battery, pays for itself within 6 months of operation on a battery electric vehicle with 29V mounted as a top case, is automotive capable and has more than 12 years of mean time before failure. The author equipped scooters, Twikes, Mias, Peugeot 106 électrique, Fiat Ducato electric with these range extenders and helped to ensure that Battery Electric Vehicle, whose range no longer met the requirements, was massively upgraded because they could drive over 300 km again. The direct and indirect effect is recursive and should only be rolled over monetaryly, since here is certainly based on the OEM costs. The main effect is probably that all world population shifts would immediately have access to electromobility.